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Phenolics in Primula veris L. and P. elatior (L.) Hill Raw Materials 时间:2017-09-19 16:38   来源:未知   作者:admin   点击: 次 Abstract:Primula veris L. and Primula elatior (L.) Hill represent medicinal plants used for the production of herbal teas and preparations with antioxidant and expectorant activity. Flowers and roots of both species possess the same biological activity. In the presented study, raw materials of wild growing P. veris and P. elatior were compared in terms of the content and composition of phenolic compounds using a fast and simple HPLC-DAD method. The study showed that flowers of both species were rich in flavonoids. However, P. veris flowers were characterized with a distinctly higher content of isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, astragalin, and (+)-catechin, whereas P. elatior occurred to be a richer source of rutoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside. Hyperoside was found exclusively in P. elatior flowers. Phenolic glycosides (primverin and primulaverin) were identified only in the roots. Their content was about ten times higher in P. veris in comparison with P. elatior underground organs. The obtained results clearly show that both Primula species differ distinctly in terms of the content and composition of phenolic compounds. The compounds differentiating both species to the highest degree (hyperoside, in flowers, as well as primverin and primulaverin, in the roots) may be useful chemical markers in the identification and evaluation of both species.
1. Introduction
Cowslip (Primula veris L., syn. P. officinalis Hill) and oxlip (Primula elatior (L.) Hill) are small, long-lived perennials from the family Primulaceae, growing wild in temperate Europe and Asia [1]. Cowslip grows on nutrient-poor grasslands, herb-rich meadows, and at the edges and in clearings of warm and bright woodlands. Oxlip prefers moist and shaded forests, but it also grows in mountain meadows [2, 3]. Both species produce a rosette of leaves and leafless flower stalks, up to 20–30 cm high. Cowslip flowers are fragrant, bright-yellow with orange spots at the edge of each lobe. They are formed at the top of the stalks in an umbel-like inflorescence. In turn, the pale-yellow, almost scentless, flowers of oxlip are produced on separate stalks. In the central part of these flowers an orange ring is visible [1, 2]. Underground organs consist of slightly curved, grayish-brown rhizomes with yellowish-white (P. veris) or brown (P. elatior) roots, commonly called roots [1, 4].
Both species have a long history of medicinal use. In the current (fifth) edition of the European Pharmacopeia, they are listed as a source of Primula roots [4]. However, in the British Herbal Pharmacopeia [5] as well as in Pharmacopee Française [6], only P. veris is mentioned as a source of Primula raw materials.
Primula veris and P. elatior have mainly been exploited for the production of herbal teas and preparations that are also considered dietary supplements [1]. They indicate various pharmacological activities, for example, secretolytic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antimicrobial, antifungal, and sedative [7–10]. According to EMA, Primula flowers and roots are used against coughs, bronchitis, and catarrhs of the respiratory tract and also to treat nervousness, headache, or rheumatism [7, 8]. In the past, Primula leaves and flowers were also eaten raw or cooked as a source of vitamins and microelements available in late winter [11]. Apart from P. veris and P. elatior, other Primula species are described as also revealing some medicinal potential. According to Demir et al. [12], P. vulgaris demonstrates antioxidant activity. Extracts from P. denticulata show cytostatic properties, while P. macrophylla shows antifungal ones [13–15].
  The main active compounds of Primula flowers and roots are triterpene saponins as well as phenolic compounds, including flavonoids (about 3% in flowers), phenolic acids, and phenolic glycosides [7, 8]. Saponins are responsible for secretolytic and expectorant activity. In turn, phenolic compounds, present especially in Primula flowers, reveal antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytostatic properties [12, 13].
   Phenolic compounds can be easily separated on a C18 reversed-phase (RP) column and detected using a UV or diode array detector (DAD) [16–19]. All these substances contain at least one aromatic ring and thus efficiently absorb UV light. So, the UV spectra obtained by the DAD are a valuable indicator in screening and preliminary qualitative analyses of the different groups of phenolics. For better structure elucidation of metabolites and/or unambiguous identification of target compounds, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques or even nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection are used [17–19].