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Evaluation of the Complex Nomenclature of the Clinically and Veterinary Significant Pathogen Salmonel 时间:2017-06-19 11:39 来源:未知作者:admin 点击: 次 Abstract:Salmonella encompasses a vast and highly related population of clinically and veterinary significant pathogens. The genus is responsible for an array of diseases such as typhoid fever and salmonellosis (a variety of illnesses including gastroenteritis), which cause public health issues globally. Even with the global recognition of Salmonella as a significant human and veterinary pathogen, the highly complex and evolving nomenclature system of Salmonella is problematic for clinicians, veterinarians, and microbiologists to comprehend. The present paper offers a review of the ever developing nomenclature for this bacterial species.
1. Introduction
Salmonella is a genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae which are Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, nonspore forming rods. They are also facultative anaerobes. Almost all Salmonella species are motile via peritrichous flagella, with the poultry pathogen Salmonella enterica ser. Gallinarium being a noteworthy exception [1, 2]. In terms of distribution, Salmonella are extensively represented within the environment and can cause a wide range of illnesses in both human and animals. In humans, infection with Salmonella can cause several different illnesses such as typhoid fever, septicaemia, localized infections of various bodily tissues, and gastroenteritis [3]. Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. alone were estimated to have caused 1,027,561 illnesses (and 378 deaths) in the US in 2011 [4].
Salmonellae optimal growth temperature is 37°C; however growth has been recorded between 2 and 4°C and as high as 54°C [4]. Salmonella can live in a wide pH range from as low as pH 3.8 to as high as pH 9.5 with an optimum of pH 6.5–7.5 [5]. A water activity () of less than 0.94 is inhibitory to Salmonella growth [6]; however, at certain temperatures a low is believed to have a protective effect on Salmonella [7, 8]. Biochemical features used to identify Salmonella include hydrogen sulphide production, lysine and ornithine decarboxylation, and nonhydrolysation of urea [5].
In the past, the classification of Salmonella strains was founded on a mixture epidemiology: isolate host range, the clinical expression of infection, biochemical reactions, and the antigenic pattern of the isolate [9].
Since its first isolation, several different nomenclatural systems have been used for these bacteria which split the genus into various different subgenera, species, subspecies, subgenera, groups, subgroups, and serovars [10] in an inconsistent manner which we will elucidate within this review paper.
2. Salmonella Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Salmonella was given its name after Daniel E. Salmon who was the veterinary surgeon that first isolated (what was called at the time) “Bacillus choleraesuis” from porcine intestines in 1884 [11, 12]. This name was changed in 1900 to “Salmonella choleraesuis” by Lignieres [13].

Today the Salmonella genus is split into just 2 species: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori, with S. enterica being split into 6 additional subspecies. In the past S. enterica subspecies were thought to be subgenera and serovars/serotypes of Salmonella were considered to be separate species, which, if still followed today, would result in greater than 2600 species of Salmonella [14]. The terms “serovars” and “serotypes” are generally considered to be synonymous. The World Health Organisation (WHO)/Institut Pasteur use the term “serovar,” while the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) originally used the word “serotype” but have steadily changed it to “serovar” in order to maintain international consistency. In this the paper the term “serovar” is used.

3. Multiple Species?
In 1966 it was proposed by Kauffmann that every Salmonella serovar is thought of as individual separate species [15]. All serovars (before and after 1966) were initially designated by antigenic formula. Prior to 1966, serovar “names” were assigned irrespective of subspecies, for example, Salmonella Marina (subsp. IV 48:g,z51:-), Salmonella Bongor (subsp. V 48:z35:-), and Salmonella Daressalaam (subsp. II 9,12:l,w:e,n,x). Serovars were named owning the disease (S. Typhi) and/or the animal (S. Typhimurium) the bacterium had been isolated from or the geographic location the serovar had originally been isolated from, for example, S. Kentucky and . Dublin. After 1966, names for nonsubspecies I Salmonellae were withdrawn from the scheme. These serovars are now referred to by antigenic formula alone (this will be discussed further below). It however took practitioners many years to start following these guidelines leading to more confusion.