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Influence of Cultural and Pest Management Practices on Performance of Runner, Spanish, and Virginia M 时间:2017-09-13 12:40 来源:未知作者:admin 点击: 次 Abstract:Virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars are grown primarily in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia in the US, although growers in these states often plant other market types if marketing opportunities are available. Information on yield potential and management strategies comparing these market types is limited in North Carolina. In separate experiments, research was conducted to determine response of runner, Spanish, and Virginia market types to calcium sulfate and inoculation with Bradyrhizobium at planting, planting and digging dates, planting patterns, and seeding rates. In other experiments, control of thrips (Frankliniella spp.) using aldicarb, southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) using chlorpyrifos, eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) using threshold-based postemergence herbicides, and leaf spot disease (caused by the fungi Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) fungicide programs was compared in these market types. Results showed that management practice and market types interacted for peanut pod yield in only the planting date experiment. Yield of runner and Virginia market types was similar and exceeded yield of the Spanish market type in most experiments.
1. Introduction
Virginia market type peanut cultivars compose the majority of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in North Carolina [1]. Occasionally, production of runner and Spanish market types is considered in North Carolina depending on marketing opportunities. Runner and Virginia market types are both described as Virginia botanicals and have similar morphological features including branching patterns [2, 3]. Differences between these market types are associated with selection through breeding programs that have differentiated kernel size as a result of market demand. In contrast, Spanish market types differ botanically from runner and Virginia market types and express different morphological features [3, 4]. Spanish market types are upright with limited pod set external to the crown of the plant which is in contrast to runner and Virginia market types that set pods close to the crown of the plant and on lateral branches. These differences impact yield potential and most likely can impact reaction to pests.
Yield of runner and Virginia market type peanut is often similar when production of both market types is optimized [2, 5, 6]. However, pest management and cultural practices required to optimize yield of these market types can differ [2, 4, 7]. For example, seeding rate in kg/ha due to seed size needed to obtain optimum stands and calcium requirement for kernel development are often lower for runner market types compared with Virginia market types [2, 8]. Cultivars with smaller kernel size have a lower calcium requirement and in many cases do not require supplemental calcium [7, 9, 10]. Consequently, production costs for Virginia market types often exceed that of runner market types [2, 5].
Planting and digging date can impact yield and market grade characteristics of peanut [4, 11]. Optimum planting dates generally differ on a regional basis [12]. Spanish market types have historically been grown in the southwestern US, and data reflecting peanut response to planting and digging dates compared with runner and Virginia market types in North Carolina are limited. Spanish market types also reach optimum maturity in fewer days than runner or Virginia market types and this can lead to reduced costs associated with disease management [4, 13]. However, yield potential of Spanish market types is often lower than yield potential of both runner and Virginia market types [14]. This reduced yield potential is often attributed to the limited production of pods on lateral branches compared with Virginia and runner market type cultivars. Also, inherent dormancy is greater in Virginia and runner market types than Spanish market types [15, 16]. This creates concern over seed quality of Spanish market types when grown in North Carolina given that excessive rainfall through tropical weather events can occur after peanut reach optimum maturity but before digging and harvesting. These wet field conditions can delay or otherwise interfere with digging and harvest operations, resulting in the possibility of Spanish market type seeds germinating in the field. The balance between lower yield of Spanish market types and lower costs of production compared with runner and Virginia market types has not been compared in North Carolina.