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论文范文
1. Introduction Correct prediction and description of a fire have become one of the main concerns in safety engineering and risk analysis. Studies on fire safety have been developed mainly with emphasis on fire detection, heating of structures, and smoke-filling rates [1]. Usually this phenomenon has been analyzed through different experimental techniques. However, due to the destructive nature of fires, experimentation can be highly expensive and due to its randomness, it can be nearly impossible to replicate. Taking this into account, in recent years there has been an increasing interest in computational and numerical modelling of fires. Nevertheless, there are several difficulties that arise when trying to fully develop models for fire dynamics simulations. First and foremost, the fact that fires consider several different physical phenomena that take place simultaneously such as turbulent flow, turbulent mixture processes, thermodynamics, heat transfer (especially through radiation, which in turn allows pyrolysis), and chemical kinetics [2]. Another difficulty is the coupling of the several analyses considered since these include a long range of length and time scales (for example the turbulent and chemical time scales). This is where different assumptions are applied on the combustion, chemical kinetics, and fluid dynamics processes [3]. These simplifications lead to the development of different models. When it comes to conflagrations (defined as an uncontrolled fire spread [2]), there are two main types of models: zone and field models. The first one basically divides the space in which the fire is taking place into two major zones: one in which predominantly remain the products of the combustion process and another one where the reacting air (oxygen) remains, until it is consumed by the reaction. On the other hand, field models are developed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for reacting flows, in order to solve the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the chemical kinetics solution (i.e., mixture fraction solution) [4]. While zone models are fairly straightforward, they have a major limitation in that these are only able to consider fires in an enclosure, therefore restricting the geometries and cases which can be explained through them. In contrast, field models have a higher mathematical complexity, while being able to adjust to almost any geometric domain and constraints. Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in this field to develop reliable field models which are accurate and exact enough to predict fires, complementing the experimental analysis. Some of the most notable field models are the Flame Surface Density model developed by Trouvé and Poinsot [5], the Partially Stirred Reactor model of Chen [6], or the Laminar Flamelet Model initially proposed by Peters [7]. One of the main combustion models used within field models is the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC), developed by Magnussen. In it, the author suggests a way to “relate the rate of combustion to the rate of dissipation of eddies” [8] assuming that the rate of reaction is a function of the mean concentration of a reacting specie, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate [9]. The EDC started as a model capable of considering both turbulent and momentum mixing, while considering the chemical kinetics solution and particularly soot formation. Most recently the interest in this model has shifted to develop an EDC that can account for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models instead of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models traditionally used [9–12]. 
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