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论文范文
1. Introduction One of the major concerns of oil industry today is how to improve the recovery of large percentage of oil remaining unrecovered in the old and new depleted producing fields. Microbial treatment of oil well system and reservoir to control paraffin deposition is one of the efficient enhanced oil recovery methods [1]. Bioremediation project in practical sense is very expensive to execute. The accepted disposal methods of incineration or burial of insecure landfills are now expensive when amounts of contaminants are large. Mechanical and chemical methods generally used to remove hydrocarbons from contaminated sites have limited effectiveness and can be expensive [2]. The aftermath of bioremediation activities may be dangerous to life in the predetermined region. Hence, the first step towards achieving a safe bioremediation process is developing mathematical models that comprise all necessary parameters that determine the entire process. References [3, 4] reported that, in Taiwan, over 400 gas stations had encountered problems of contamination from petroleum hydrocarbons, due to aged pipelines. Leaks and accidental spills occur regularly during the exploration, production, refining, transport, and storage of petroleum and petroleum products [3]. Release of hydrocarbons into the environment whether accidentally or due to human activities is a main cause of water and soil pollution [4]. This is one of the major environmental problems today resulting from the activities of the petrochemical industry. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and potent immunotoxic organic pollutants which are harmful to all living things both terrestrial and aquatic [5]. Soil contamination with hydrocarbons causes extensive damage of local system since accumulation of pollutants in animals and plant tissue may cause death or mutations [6]. Among the many techniques employed to decontaminate the affected sites, in situ bioremediation using indigenous microorganisms is by far the most widely used [7–12]. This approach to reclaiming contaminated land reduces the threat to groundwater and enhances the rate of biodegradation [13]. The technology commonly used for the soil remediation includes mechanical, burying, evaporation, dispersion, and washing. However, these technologies are expensive and can lead to incomplete decomposition of contaminants [2, 6, 14, 15]. Mathematical model is regarded as a decision tool that assists decision makers in effectively dealing with complex issues such as oil spillage on soil surfaces [1]. When oil is released into the subsurface, it travels downward until it encounters a low permeability layer that it cannot penetrate because of large capillary force. If oil spill is present in sufficient quantity the oil may pool on the low permeability materials or more latterly, following the geological gradient of this materials contact of oil with groundwater results in dissolution of the soluble content of oil and subsequent contamination of the groundwater [16]. Most mathematical models follow a mathematical structure that can be used to describe and study a real solution. Hence, mathematical model is a representation in mathematical terms of certain aspects of nonmathematic system. The arts and crafts of mathematical modelling are exhibited in the construction of models that not only are consistent in themselves and mirror the behaviours of their prototype, but serve some exterior purpose. 
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