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论文范文
1. Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) predicts that the global population will reach 9.2 billion by 2050, and food production must increase by 70 percent to keep the pace [1]. The income distribution in the world is uneven and hugely divided. In one part of the world, prosperity exists, and there is always demand for high-quality food. While in another part of the world, hunger and war exist, and there is always demand for a large quantity of foods. With limited farming land and freshwater resources, this quality and quantity crisis in food can only be addressed by the application of ICT in agriculture. Both small- and large-scale farming can benefit from introducing ICT into the agriculture value chain, having their productivity increased, quality improved, services extended, and costs reduced. Furthermore, ICT facilitates information- and knowledge-based approach rather than only focusing on input-intensive agriculture. As a result, agriculture becomes more networked, and decision making and resource utilization could significantly be leveraged. ICT in agriculture is interchangeably used as e-agriculture, smart agriculture, precision agriculture (PA), or IoT (internet of things) in agriculture depending upon the context. Modern agriculture is hugely automated, controlled, and constantly monitored. Sensors are the heart of ICT, and various sensing devices used for this purpose generate a large volume of data continuously. The application of data analytics helps in solidifying the research in agriculture. It provides insights into various issues in the agriculture like weather prediction, crop and livestock disease, irrigation management, and supply and demand of agriculture inputs and outputs and helps in solving those problems. It can also provide valuable information for optimum resource utilization and production boosting. Our work reviews research articles focused on agricultural data and provides insights on several agricultural issues. A wide variety of review literature is available, covering the topic: sensors and ICT in agriculture. Ojha et al. [2] reviewed the use and the state-of-the-art of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in agriculture. Their work covers applications, design, standards, and technologies of WSNs used in agriculture. Also, another article by same authors [3] reviewed and proposed a sensor-cloud framework for the efficient addressing of various agricultural problems and applications. Another review article included key vision control techniques and their potential applications in fruit or vegetable harvesting robots [4]. In particular, it looked at various vision schemes and recognition approaches for harvesting robots. Similarly, Zion [5] reviewed on the use of computer vision technologies in aquaculture. The review highlighted on the measurement, stock identification, and monitoring of different gender and species of aquatic animals. Other reviews included the keywords “ICT” and “agriculture” but were more focused on models and architectures in agriculture absorbing ICT [6, 7]. A recent article by Wolfert et al. [8] reviewed the state-of-the-art of big data applications in smart farming and identifying socio-economic challenges associated with it. The article slightly touched the technological part but largely focused on socio-economic and 
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