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A Review of 5G Power Amplifier Design at cm-Wave and mm-Wave Frequencies 时间:2018-08-27 22:03   来源:未知   作者:admin   点击: 次 Abstract:The 5G wireless revolution presents some dramatic challenges to the design of handsets and communication infrastructures, as 5G targets higher than 10 Gbps download speed using millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) spectrum with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, connecting densely deployed wireless devices for Internet-of-Everything (IoE), and very small latency time for ultrareliable machine type communication, etc. The broadband modulation bandwidth for 5G RF transmitters (i.e., maximum possibly even above 1 GHz) demands high-power efficiency and stringent linearity from its power amplifier (PA). Additionally, the phased-array MIMO antennas with numerous RF front-ends (RFFEs) will require unprecedented high integration level with low cost, making the design of 5G PA one of the most challenging tasks. As the centimeter-wave (cm-Wave) 5G systems will probably be deployed on the market earlier than their mm-Wave counterparts, we will review in this paper the latest development on 15 GHz and 28 GHz 5G cm-Wave PAs extensively, while also covering some key mm-Wave PAs in the literature. Our review will focus on the available options of device technologies, novel circuit and system architectures, and efficiency enhancement techniques at power back-off for 5G PA design.
1. Introduction
  The Fifth-Generation (5G) mobile networks is bringing in the latest wireless revolution, enabling wireless download speed exceeding 10 Gbps for eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband) applications, with 100x more wireless connected devices than 4G for mMTC (massive machine type communication) to enable IoE (Internet-of-Everything), and sub-1 ms latency for instant actions with UR/LL, mMTC (ultrareliable machine type communication) [1]. It will be extremely challenging to achieve those aggressive 5G performance metrics all at once, and thus the 5G revolution is expected to be happening in stages. In the prestandard 5G era at 2014, a benchmark 5 Gbps speed was already achieved in a live over-the-air test network from Ericsson using an innovative new radio interface concept in combination with advanced MIMO technology with wider bandwidths and shorter transmission time intervals at 15 GHz. For the higher frequency cm-Wave/mm-Wave 5G to take place, it will probably start from fixed wireless deployment, as Verizon has proposed its own 5G specification as “Verizon 5G wireless technology” or “V5G”. On the other hand, in March 2017, 3GPP published its first study item reports on the 5G New Radio (NR), the next generation 5G cellular network standard, and the likely global 5G standard for a new OFDM-based air interface designed to support the wide variation of 5G device-types, services, deployments, and spectrum. The biggest difference in V5G and 5G NR is the application focus: V5G is limited to fixed wireless access at 28 GHz, but the 5G NR is targeting all wireless communications applications (fixed and mobile) for all frequencies. V5G intended to deploy a high density of cm-Wave/mm-Wave small cells (i.e., base stations) that will communicate with commercial box set UEs, such as a wireless MODEM or a cable box. With the billions of wirelessly connected devices available for 5G, it becomes particularly critical that one must minimize the power consumption of individual wireless devices and back station/base station (BST) as well as the overall 5G system power consumption to achieve the critical reduction in energy usage spec by almost 90% over existing 4G networks [2]. Instead of only using the sub-6 GHz spectra like the 2G/3G/4G cellular networks have done in the past, at least some of the 5G devices and networks will also operate at the higher cm-Wave and mm-Wave frequencies to benefit from larger available spectrum bandwidth, smaller-sized massive MIMO phased-array antennas for 3-Dimensional Beamforming (3DBF).
  It is well-known the performance of a radio-frequency power amplifier (RF PA) can often dominate the overall transmitter (TX) performance, as its power-added efficiency (PAE) dictates the power and heat dissipation for the entire TX. For enhanced user experience and massive MIMO antennas at cm-Wave/mm-Wave frequencies, the 5G system will require more PAs to be integrated in the RF front-end modules (FEMs), making the design of a 5G PA more critical than that of a 4G PA. To any successful commercial 5G application, the output power (), linearity, reliability, cost, and form factors of a PA are all very important.