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Occupational Therapy Students’ Perceptions of the Role of Robots in the Care for Older People Livin 时间:2017-07-07 15:17   来源:未知   作者:admin   点击: 次 Abstract:Background. The question arises how recent developments in robotics can contribute to the care for older people. The study is part of the EU-funded ENRICHME project. Objectives of Study. The aim of the study was to investigate opinions of occupational therapy students (OTS), as future professional caregivers, on the use of robots in care for older people. Methods. It included 26 OTS from Poznan University of Medical Sciences. To collect data, the Users’ Needs, Requirements, and Abilities Questionnaire (UNRAQ) was developed. Findings. OTS perceived the robot as “a useful device” and “an assistant” rather than “a companion” (). In their opinion, the most important functions of the robot were related to health aspects (emergency alarms, health parameters monitoring, physical activity and memory training, and reminders about medication, drinks, etc.), scored positively by 23–26 OTS. Functions such as mood detection, encouraging to contact with friends, and monitoring of food consumption were accepted by 16-17 OTS. Two statements concerning social functions (accompanying in everyday activities and decreasing the sense of loneliness) were rated positively by less the than half of the participants. Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research. A module concerning technology use, including robotics, should constitute an important part of the curricula of both academic and continuous education of OTS.
1. Introduction
   World’s societies have been ageing rapidly over the last years and older people have already outnumbered the younger cohort. A shortage in both formal and informal caregivers as well as declining resources and capacities is commonly observed [1]. Increasing number of individuals in need of care and limited availability of care professionals call for an implementation of new solutions, allowing for a reduction on the burden of caregivers who are active within the system. Such solutions could be based on the use of robots which would be involved in care and support for older persons living in the community.
If the systems including robots, addressed to the elderly, are to be effective, they have to meet the end users’ unique needs and expectations: the health and social ones along with those related to the functioning of the individual in a particular cultural context [2]. For this purpose, the role of the robot must be defined comprehensively, also taking complex ethical and legal issues into consideration.
Similar to health information technology, it is crucial to understand a priori what factors are important in predicting older people’s willingness to use robots’ assistance [3]. Therefore, caregivers should be aware of those factors as they help promote the use of robots with community-dwelling older adults. Smarr et al. [4] found that older Americans were very imaginative regarding what the robot could do to assist them and were engaged, active, and motivated to discuss the robot’s issues. In that study, they even preferred robot’s assistance over human assistance, not only in many instrumental activities of daily living (e.g., medication reminder) but also in more complex activities such as new learning and hobbies.
  While the majority of available papers are dedicated to the attitude of older people or their potential informal caregivers towards the robot, analysing particularly their expectations and determinants of acceptance [5–7], literature concerning the staff’s point of view is sparse. This is surprising, as it is the formal caregivers who are essential to successful implementation and usage of a robot in the older persons’ living environments, that is the application of “ageing in place.” This term acknowledges that the majority of older people are living independently in their own homes and want to stay there as long as possible, in familiar surroundings, with friends and family [8].
One of the few papers concerning professional caregivers in this aspect was published by Saito et al. who showed that nurses’ stress levels at work were lower after the introduction of a seal-shaped “mental commit” robot PARO [9]. In focus groups studies by Zsiga et al. [10], professional caregivers showed a curious and open attitude towards the use of a robot.